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The Making of a Confederate: Walter Lenoir's Civil War (New Narratives in American History), by William L. Barney
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Despite the advances of the civil rights movement, many white southerners cling to the faded glory of a romanticized Confederate past. In The Making of a Confederate, William L. Barney focuses on the life of one man, Walter Lenoir of North Carolina, to examine the origins of southern white identity alongside its myriad ambiguities and complexities.
Born into a wealthy slaveholding family, Lenoir abhorred the institution, opposed secession, and planned to leave his family to move to Minnesota, in the free North. But when the war erupted in 1860, Lenoir found another escape route--he joined the Confederate army, an experience that would radically transform his ideals. After the war, Lenoir, like many others, embraced the cult of the Lost Cause, refashioning his memory and beliefs in an attempt to make sense of the war, its causes, and its consequences. While some Southerners sank into depression, aligned with the victors, or fiercely opposed the new order, Lenoir withdrew to his acreage in the North Carolina mountains. There, he pursued his own vision of the South's future, one that called for greater self-sufficiency and a more efficient use of the land.
For Lenoir and many fellow Confederates, the war never really ended. As he tells this compelling story, Barney offers new insights into the ways that (selective) memory informs history; through Lenoir's life, readers learn how individual choices can transform abstract historical processes into concrete actions.
- Sales Rank: #558849 in Books
- Published on: 2008-07-18
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 4.70" h x .60" w x 6.60" l, .46 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
A fine scholarly study of the causes of the Civil War and the development of one man's post-war Southern white identity ...
By RNS
Examines the life of Walter W. Lenoir (1823-1890), "a slaveholding North Carolinian, who despite morally opposing slavery and preparing to move to the free state of Minnesota in 1860, enlisted in the Confederate Army and became a fervid Confederate." Carefully considers the context of his role in the War and his reaction to the South's defeat, including his "search for redemptive meaning" and the strategy that he and others adapted to cope with the bereavement and "crushing sense of loss" they felt at the War's end.
The book serves as William L. Barney's response to the scholarly question of: "why did [Walter W. Lenoir] a politically conservative Southerner personally opposed to slavery who had decided to leave the slave South for the North commit himself heart and soul to the Confederacy when the Civil War broke out?" It is his response to this question that serves as the core theme of this book. A theme with which readers are treated to an examination of "the larger narrative of nineteenth-century Southern history" and "questions that historians and the public have raised about that narrative."
Uses the biographical study of Walter Lenoir to discuss the formation of the "Southern white identity" he and others assumed from the idea of "...a South that could have been -- SHOULD have been..." It is this "clinging to a romanticized vision of a mythic Southern past" that enabled "...many Southern whites [to] continue to find meaning and purpose in their lives..." Contends that this sense of identity became "a faith that mythologized the 'Lost Cause' to reshape the history of the Civil war to one remembered as a war of self-defense of their land, constitutional freedoms and rights of self-government."
Readers whose intellectual background of the Civil War consists simply of standard overviews of the War's principal causes and battles from a high school or college American History survey courses will find this book fascinating. Finally, we have a readable text that delves into the background and underlying issues of the Civil War through the eyes and mind of a Southerner whose views and positions are forcefully articulated. While the issue of slavery is addressed directly - as well it should -- readers will also have the rare opportunity to consider other factors.
Indeed, one quickly realizes that the Civil War wasn't simply a war between the North and South, as what is often forgotten: citizens of many Southern States were fighting among themselves; that significant and vocal populations of white Unionists existed within many of these States; that, as the War progressed, there were growing bands of deserters who were tired and unhappy with the War conducting guerilla warfare in the hinterlands of the Confederacy; that there was considerable anger among Southern troops against slaveholders exempt from the draft due to the number of slaves they owned (and their wealth); that there were discussions of the brutal discipline that brought structure to slavery and of the guilt that many slave-owners felt while trapped within an economic system that forced their participation in such a "morally unjust" enterprise; that one of the reasons for the persistence of slavery was the fear among Southern whites that emancipation would bring racial chaos and a horrific race war.
The text is threaded together by biographical details of Walter W. Lenoir life, work and political position. Here are highlights of each chapter:
Chapter one, "Dutiful Sons and a Wavering Southerner," finds Walter Lenoir to be a "wavering Southerner torn between his moral reservations over slavery and his obligations as a male heir of a leading North Carolina family." His grandfather was a hero of the American Revolution, who later served as Speaker of the North Carolina Senate (1790) and who fathered three sons and four daughters. He dominates over their lives -- including Walter's father. Thus, Walter is born into a family struggling with economic ups-and-downs; he graduates from UNC-Chapel Hill and eventually earns his way as a young attorney. He marries, has a daughter and life is looking good until his daughter dies of a brain disease within two years of their marriage and his wife follows several months later (Feb. 1859) from tuberculosis. Devastated with grief, he travels north the following year to Minnesota through Tennessee, Kentucky and Chicago in search of fertile farmland to move to and leave the slave-holding South behind.
Chapter Two, "Confederate Soldier," opens with Walter Lenoir preparing to move to Minnesota. Then, Lincoln is elected and he is pulled into the fray. He plays "a leading role in what was billed as a Union meeting" at the local courthouse while he and others hope and pray that a compromise can be worked out between the Southern border states and the North so war can be avoided. All through this time, into the early months of 1861 he clings "to the hope that the Union could be restored peacefully." This hope is dashed in mid-March when Lincoln orders Federal troops activated "to suppress what he defined as a rebellion against Federal authority." Walter's forty-three year-old brother Tom joins first; he follows soon therafter -- first as an enlisted man and later as an officer in the 37th North Carolina regiment. He and his unit find themselves in the thick of the fighting at Cedar Mountain (near Culpepper, Va.) and in the Second Battle of Manassas.
Chapter Three, "Agony at Ox Hill," considers Walter Lenoir's role in the War. Noting that there are now only a few survivors of his unit when they are marched into fighting near Fairfax, Va. We find him near a site known as Ox Hill, where he and his men are pushing Federal troops across a field, through woods and across another field, when he is shot twice in his right leg. Transported in an agonizing manner to a medical hospital, his shattered leg is finally amputated. Walter slowly finds his way home where he spends the rest of the war living in a cramped, remote mountain cabin with his slaves.
Chapter Four, "Mountain Farmer," finds Walter setting-up house at a farm he names "Crab Orchard." There while recuperating from his wound and adjusting to a wooden leg, he has ample time to think about "how the war had brought him to where he was now," why he had fought and whether his sacrifice was worth the sorrow of his loss. In short, "He was deciding on the history he needed to understand his world after the war." Meanwhile, as casualty lists mounted with each passing week, he and his brother discussed their concerns that the freeing of slaves may well result in a "race war" where many thousands of freed slaves rise up and slaughter their former masters. Despite these and other concerns, Walter continues to be optimistic about the outcome of the War.
Chapter Five, "Unreconstructed Confederate," finds Walter Lenoir dealing with Federal troops looting his land several weeks after the War's end, trying to sort our working arrangements with his former slaves, and struggling to bring his lands back into a profitable state. As time passes, he literally digs-in, going deep into debt to buy land belonging to his brothers and sisters and chooses to live a life of isolation at Crab Orchard. While his decision provides his cash-starved siblings with ready cash to survive the uncertain post-war times, his actions leave Walter with the challenge of how to make his dream of creating "a model of economic development and moral uplift that would vindicate a white South so long maligned and degraded by the Yankee North" into a viable reality.
Chapter Six, "Land Promoter and Dreamer," details the hard-times Walter endured trying to bring his dream of selling his vast land-holdings to fruition at the end of the Civil War over the years to the time of his death of a stroke in 1890. Discusses the economic climate that made his efforts so difficult. Concludes with an overview of the situation facing Walter Lenoir and his contemporaries as they tried to make a profit through land ventures, the growing lumber markets, and the extension of railroad lines into the region that might bring tourists and jobs for local citizens.
In his Acknowledgments, the author, William L. Barney (Ph.D. Columbia) -- Professor of History at UNC-Chapel Hill -- thanks the Series Editor at Oxford -- Jim Davidson (Ph.D. Yale) -- for being "a shrewd tutor on the finer points of relating a story with a novelist's attention to narrative flow and telling details..." A quick check of Davidson's writings reveals him to be the author of "After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection" (McGraw-Hill, 2007). Davidson's editorial influence permeates this wonderful book as though it first and foremost a fine academic analysis and discussion of post-Civil War Southern white identity, it is also one of the best biographical studies -- in the context of the socio-economic, regional-political and psychological analysis -- of a Civil War figure one might find. Barney's careful bibliographic notes are a pleasure to read and one can only be astonished at the level of biographical detail and detailed attributes of personality and thinking that add value and meaning to the narrative flow of this story.
Highly recommended for academic and public libraries in the South and individuals interested in reading about Southern identity and the root causes of the Civil War and its aftermath.
R. Neil Scott
Middle Tennessee State University
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Walter Lenior's Civil War
By Glasgow Reader
This small book intelligently uses the letters and records of Walter Lenoir to explain the impact of the Civil War and its aftermath in the western mountains of North Carolina. It also illustrates that support for slavery and secession wasn't universal even among slave-owning elites such as Lenoir, but that Lincoln's call for troops drove Lenoir and others like him into the position of defending their state and the South, while their experiences of the war itself made them confederates thereafter. The author's own values can sometimes intrude too much, but that aside this is a well-written and insightful biography. If, like me, you are interested in the civil war's impact on the southern population and/or interested in western North Carolina, you will enjoy this easy-to-read book
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Superb and Subtle History
By ALH
I'm astonished that a previous reviewer attacked the book because the author does not approve of slave owning. He doesn't. Who does? Neither did the Lenoir family members, who did own slaves. William Barney carefully shows how Walter Lenoir himself hated to punish his slaves but did it anyway to set an example for the other slaves, and how Lenoir like many other Southerners of his time, despised slavery but depended on it. To him, it was evil but necessary. The war itself and its aftermath is what turned Lenoir into a confederate, and Barney traces that change in thought and attitude subtly in clear,enjoyable prose. The book is a beautiful portrait to a troubled and in many ways admirable man and his times.
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